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A: Originally it was intended that the Apollo Command Module crew would align the spacecraft using starsightings, and then sight on landmarks (on Earth or Moon) to fix its position. This method had already been studied in some detail, and it had the great advantage that it could be done entirely on the spacecraft. Remember that Apollo was being planned at the chilliest time of the Cold War, and it was thought possible that the Soviets might attempt to jam space communications or confuse radio navigation. The original Apollo
requirements demanded completely self-contained navigation, with no assistance from the ground, not even voice communications.
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